Condicionales
Habitual behaviour in the present	A. The present simple is used for habitual actions or permanent situations in the present. (Suele ir acompañado de adverbios) Example: ” I go for a run twice a week.” ” She lives near the station.” B. Frequency adverbs are used to indicate how often an action occurs. They are usually placed: 1. Before the main verb: Example: I always go to bed before midnight. 2. After the verb to be or an auxiliary verb: Example: She is very often late for work. They have rarely been seen together. 3. usually, normally, frequently, sometimes, (very/quite) often and occasionally can also be placed at the beginning of the sentence or clause: Example: Occasionally we go out to the cinema, but usually we stay in and watch a video. NOTE: always, rarely, seldom, hardly ever, and never can not be used in the same way.
Habitual behaviour in the present (Variations)	1. The present continuous + always is used to talk about things which occur frequently and which the speaker finds annoying: Example: He is always complaining about something! 2. Adjectives can be used as an alternative to rarely, normally and (not) usually. Example:It is rare/normal/(un)usual for him to eat meat. 3. Tend to + infinitive is used to make general statements about the habitual actions and situations of groups of people or individuals. (= usually) Example: British people tend to drink tea rather than coffee. I tend not to get up very early on Sundays. 4. Will + infinitive is used to talk about habitual behavior. Frequency adverbs can also be added. Example: She will sometimes spend the whole day reading. 5. Keep (on) + general used to talk about repeated actions, often annoying ones. Example: Peter keeps on hitting me.
Habitual behaviour in the past (1/2)	A. The past simple is used for regular actions or habitual behavior in the past, often with a frequency adverb. Example: I hardly ever went away on holiday when I was young. B. Used to + infinitive is used to refer to past habits and situations which no longer occur or exist now. Example: We used to have a cat, but he died last year. I always used to walk to work until I bought a car The negative and question forms: Example: I didn’t used to like cheese. Where did you use to live? NOTE : Used to can not express present habitual behavior: Example: I usually (not use to) play tennis twice a week.
Habitual behaviour in the past (2/2)	C. Would + infinitive is used to refer to past habits, but not past situations. (Específico para comportamiento) Habit: Example: My dad would often read to me when I was a young boy. (When... es necesario ponerlo para saber que hablas del pasado) Situations: Example: I used to (not would) have a bicycle. Stative verbs such as: have(possession), be, live, like, believe, think, (=have an opinion) ,understand & know are not used with would to refer to the past. Be used to / Get used to + noun or gerund Be used to + noun / gerund means “be accustomed to”. Example: She’s a nurse so she’s used to seeing sick people. Get used to + noun / gerund means “become accustomed to”. Example: I want to live Athens; I can’t get used to the heat.
Indirect ways of asking questions	A number of expressions can be used to ask questions in a more indirect way. Indirect questions can sound more polite than direct ones. Example: Could you tell me where she studies? Would you mind telling me where he works? We'd like to know when you first started singing? When asking indirect questions the same word order is used as when we make statements. The auxilary verbs, do, does and did, are omitted. If or whether is used if there is no question word such as where, what, why, when, who and how. Example: Could you tell us if/whether you are married...
Gerunds and infinitives (Gerunds)	A. The gerund is used in the following cases: 1. As the subject / object / complement of a clause or sentence. Subject: Example: Reading in a car makes me feel sick. Object: Example: I find shopping for clothes really boring. Complement: Example: My favourite sports is swimming. 2. after prepositions: Example: I’m not very good at making things. NOTE: “To” is a preposition in following verbs: Example 1: I look forward to hearing from you soon. Example 2: I can’t get used to living without her. 3. after certain verbs: Example: Peter suggested going for a picnic.
Gerunds and infinitives (Infinitive)	B.The infinitive with to is used: 1. to express purpose: Example: I’m learning English to help me get a better job. 2. after many adjectives such as: surprised, delighted, disappointed, easy, happy, important, lucky, necessary, normal, possible, surprised. Example: I was surprised to hear she had failed the exam. 3. after certain verbs: Example: He offered to give her a lift, but she decided to go by train instead.
Gerunds and infinitives (Gerunds and Infinitives after verbs) (1)	C. Gerund and infinitives after verbs: 1. Verb + gerund Example: Have you finished cleaning your room? NOTE: The following verbs, like finish, are normally followed by the gerund: A. Certain verbs expressing likes and dislikes: adore, detest, dislike, enjoy, don’t mind, can’t stand. B. Other verbs: admit, avoid, can’t help, consider, delay, deny, feel like, forgive, give up, imagine, involve, keep, mind, miss, postpone, put off, practice, prevent, resist, risk, suggest 2. Verb + infinitive with to Example:He promised not to tell anyone what she had said. A: The following verbs,like promise,are normally followed by the infinitive with to: (can’t) afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, decide, deserve, expect, help, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, offer, prepare, pretend, refuse, seem. B: The infinitive with to is also used after: would like, would love, would hate, would prefer.
Gerunds and infinitives (Gerunds and Infinitives after verbs) (2)	3. verb + gerund or infinitive A. like, love, hate and prefer are usually followed by the gerund. However, the infinitive is also possible with little, if any, difference in meaning: Example: I love going / to go for long walks in the hills. NOTE: The infinitive is common for specific situations: (hábitos, gustos, preferencias) Example: I hate to interrupt, but we really must be going. B. Begin, start, continue and intend can be followed by the gerund or infinitive with no change in meaning. Example: When I arrived it started to rain / raining.
Gerunds and infinitives (Gerunds and Infinitives after verbs) (3)	C. forget, remember, go on, need, mean, regret, stop and try can be followed by the gerund or the infinitive, but with a change in meaning. NONE: remember / forget + gerund = (not) to recall a previous action. Example: I remember coming here when I was young. Example: I’ll never forget seeing U2 in concert. NOTE: remember / forget = infinitive (not) to remember what you have to do. Example: We must remember to feed the cat before we go. Example: Don’t forget to phone me if you need any help. NOTE: go on + gerund = to continue with the same activity. Example: Some footballers go on playing professionally until they are nearly 40. NOTE: go on + infinitive = to change to a different activity. Example: After a successful career as a football player, John Cruyff went on to become a respected career.
Gerunds and infinitives (Gerunds and Infinitives after verbs) (4)	NOTE: mean + gerund = to involve Example: Dieting usually means giving up things you enjoy. NOTE: mean + infinitive = to intend Example: I mean to phone the electrician but I forgot. NOTE: need + gerund = (passive meaning) Example: This house needs painting. (needs to be painted). NOTE: need + infinitive = (active meaning) Example: I need to get some new shoes. NOTE: regret + gerund = to be sorry for a previous action. Example: I regret going to see that film: it was so boring. NOTE: regret + infinitive = to be sorry for what you are going to say (formal use) Example: we regret to inform you that we are unable to repair your washing machine. NOTE: stop + gerund = to stop an activity you are doing. Example: I’ve stopped smoking: it’s to expensive. NOTE: stop + infinitive = to stop doing one thing in order to do another Example: If you’re driving long distances, you should stop to have a rest every two hours.
Gerunds and infinitives (Gerunds and Infinitives after verbs) (5)	NOTE: try + gerund = to experiment in order to see what will happen. Example: Try resting for a while: you might feel better then. NOTE: Try + infinitive = to make an effort; to attempt to do something. Example: Alan tried to stop the thief as he ran away.
Comparatives and Superlatives (Forms 1/3)	FORMS Regular one-syllable adjectives: - add -er and -est to the adjective: cheap (Adjective) cheaper (Comparative) the cheapest (Superlative) - add -r and -st to adjectives ending in -e: late(Adjective) later(Comparative) the latest(Superlative) - double the consonant of adjectives ending in a short vowel and a consonant, and add -er and -est: thin(Adjective) thinner(Comparative) the thinnest(Superlative)
Comparatives and Superlatives (Forms 2/3)	Regular adjectives with more than one syllable: - use more and most in front of the adjective: sincere(Adjective) more sincere(Comparative) the most sincere(Superlative) - change -y to -i and add -er and -est to adjectives ending in -y after a consonant: happy(Adjective) happier(Comparative) the happiest(Superlative) - a limited number of two-syllable adjectives can form the comparative and superlative in two ways: stupid(Adjective) stupider/more stupid (Comparative) the stupidest/the most stupidest (Superlative) - most adverbs form their comparative and superlative with more and most: quietly(Adverb) more quietly(Comparative) the most quietly(Superlative)
Comparatives and Superlatives (Forms 3/3)	Irregular forms: - adjectives: good/better/the best - bad/worse/the worst - far/further/the further - old/older/the oldest - adverbs: well/better/the best - badly/worse/the worst - little/less/the least - much/more/the most - determiners: little/less/the least - few/fewer/the fewest - much/more/the most
Comparatives and Superlatives (Use)	To talk about people or things that are different in some way we use: - Comparative forms of adjectives/adverbs + than: I think listening is more difficult than reading. - Superlative forms of adjectives/adverbs: That's the nicest thing you've said to me all day. - Less...than and the least: That's my least favourite track on the album. As .. as For people or things that are the same in some way we use as + adjective/adverb + as: She's as intelligent as her brother. So can replace the first as in negative sentences: It's not so difficult as I thought it would be. The same + noun + as: My mum's the same age as my dad. The + comparative, the + comparative: We use this structure for things which occur together: The more money I have, the faster I spend it. (Cuanto más...más ...)
Articles (The definitive article 1/2)	A The definite article (the) is most commonly used: 1 when there is only one of something, either in existence or in a particular context. I'd like to speak to the manager, please. 2 when something is mentioned again. “I’ve read three novels and two plays by Camus” “What did you think of the plays?” 3 when both listener and speaker know what is being referred to. Hurry up! The film starts in 10 minutes. 4 when talking about a specific aspect of something, where the noun is followed by of. We’re studying the history of architecture. 5 to speak generally about certain groups of singular countable nouns. a Inventions: The mobile phone is thought to pose a serious threat to health. b Animal species: The whale is still hunted by some countries such as Japan. 6 with adjectives referring to general classes of people, eg the homeless, the blind, the deaf, the rich, the poor, the old, the young, the French, the Spanish. Not enough is being done to help the homeless.
Articles (The definitive article 2/2)	7 with superlatives. Who is the greatest footballer in the wold? 8 with musical instruments. I'd love to team to play the piano. 9 with types of transport which have a fixed timetable Shall we get the bus or take a taxi? 10 with some countries eg the USA, the UK. 11 with oceans, mountain ranges, deserts, rivers, etc, eg the Atlantic. the Pyrenees, the Sahara, the Thames 12 with some geographical areas. Were going to the mountains rather than the coast
Articles (The indefinite article)	B The indefinite article (a/an) is most commonly used: 1 when a singular countable noun is mentioned for the first time. A man went into a bar with a fish. 2 when referring to any one of several things It’s quiet in here. Shall I put a record on? 3 when talking about a person's job. My father is a nuclear scientist 4 with some numbers, eg a hundred and one Dalmatians, a thousand people, a minion pounds 5 when it means 'per' in some expressions, eg twice a day, 50 miles an hour, £80 a week
Articles (No article)	C No article is used: 1 when referring to nouns in a general sense. a Plural countable nouns Do you think computers will replace teachers? b Abstract nouns We sang songs of love and peace c Other uncountable nouns Alan won’t eat cheese or meat. 2 with most streets, towns, cities and countries. I went to Bond Street when I was in London. 3 when a town’s name is used with a bulding, eg Luton Airport, Oxford University 4 in many common expressions, eg to go home, to go to work/school/university/ prison/hospital/church/bed, to go on holiday, to be at home/work/school/university, to be in hospital/church/bed/prisop, to go by car/bus/coach/train/plane, to have breakfast/ lunch/dinner (but have a meal), at night (but in the morning/afternoon/evening)
Past tenses (Simple past)	A The past simple is used to refer to: 1 completed actions which happened at a specific time. I went to the cinema last night 2 completed action and situations which happened over a specific period of time. I lived and worked in Germany for three years 3 habitual actions or behaviour in the past. We played football in the street when I was a child. 4 a series of consecutive events in the past. He kissed her, said goodbye and closed the door.
Past tenses (past continuous)	B The past continuous is used to refer to: 1 temporary activities or situations in progress at a particular moment in the past. This time last week we were sitting on the beach. 2 a past activity or situation which was already in progress when another action occurred (the activity or situation in progress may or may not continue). I was reading to my son when the lights went out. 3 activities or situations occurring at the same time. Ann was cutting the grass while I was cooking. 4 the background events in a narrative. It was snowing heavily and a cold wind was blowing. My brother and I were reading in front of the fire. Suddenly, there was a knock at the door…
Past tenses (Past perfect)	C The past perfect is used to: 1 show that a past action or situation occurred before another past action or situation. (importa el resultado) When I saw Tim, he had just passed his driving test. 2 We use the continuous form to emphasize the duration of the first past action or situation. (importa la acción) She had been waiting for over two hours when he phoned to say he couldn’t come.
Past tenses (time linkers 1/3)	1 The past perfect is often used with time linkers, eg after, before, by the time, as soon as, once, when, until I couldn’t go out until I had done my homework. 2 The past simple can be used if the order of events is clear: He sold his house before he left the country. or if the second event occurred as a result of the first. When I realized what time it was, I ran outside. 3 After/ afterwards After is used to show the order of two or more events in the same sentence. After he’d cleaned the house, he went shopping. Afterwards means after that and can go at the beginning or the end of a clause. We had lunch and afterwards we went for a walk. They sent the result slip in the September and I receives the certificate two month afterwards. NB after would not be correct in these two sentences.
Past tenses (time linkers 2/3)	4 At last/in the end/ at the end At last suggests that something good happens after a long period of time or morethan one attempt. In the end has a similar meaning and may also suggest there have been one or more changes or problems. The result may be good or bad. The car broke down several times on the way but we got there in the end. NB eventually can also be used in this sentence. At the end means at the point when something finishes. Hand in your books at the end of the lesson.
Past tenses (time linkers 3/3)	5 When/ as/while These can all be used with the past continuous to introduce an action which was already in progress when another action occurred. As/When/While I was running, I saw a rabbit. 6 During/in/for These are all used as prepositions when referring to time, and are followed by a noun. During and in are used to say when something happened. It rained a lot during/in the night. For is used to say how long something took or lasted. We went to Spain for two weeks during the summer.

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