Models are approximations of the real world	At the core of the discipline of M & S is the fundamental notion that
Simulation	allows for the repeated observation of the model
Analysis	takes place to draw conclusions, verify and validate the research, and make recommendations based on various simulations of the model
Visualization	serves to interface with the model
System	is a construct or collection of different elements that together produces results not obtainable by the elements alone
Physical	A system may be ___, something that already exists
Notional	a plan or concept for something physical that does not exist
Discrete	in which the state variables change instantaneously at separate points in time
Continuous	where the state variables change continuously with respect to time.
Model	is a physical, mathematical, or otherwise logical representation of a system
Physical	A model can be ____, such as a scale model of an airplane to study aerodynamic behavior
Notional	a model consists of a set of mathematical equations or logic statements that describes the behavior of the system
Computer Simulation	the mathematical model is sufficiently complex that the only way to solve the equations is numerically.
Simulation	Defining the third concept, _____, is not as clear cut as defining the model
Imitate	a computer will ___ operations of these various real - world facilities or processes
Program	C ____ that calculates the height of an object moving under gravity
Run or Trial	is used to refer to a single execution of a simulation
Exercise	is used to refer to a series of related runs of the simulation as part of a training process
Dasher connectors	show how the process advances from one phase to the next
Solid connectors	show the VV & A activities that must be integrated with the development activities
Validation	ensures that the model represents the real system and that the model is truly representative of that system
Randoms Variables or Random process	Inclusion of uncertainty and variability requires that system parameters be represented as
Probability and statistics	Working with random variables requires the use of concepts and theories from
Stochastic models	Probability and statistics are used with great frequency in M & S to generate random variates to model system random input variables that represent uncertainty and variability, and to analyze the output from ___ or systems
Analysis	The process of converting the data into meaningful information that describes the behavior of the system is called
Operations research	The development and use of these techniques and approaches are a function of the branch of mathematics and systems engineering called
Design of experiments	the design of a set of simulation experiments suitable for addressing a specific system performance question
Performance evaluation	the evaluation of system performance, measurement of how it approaches a desired performance level
Sensitivity analysis	system sensitivity to a set of input parameters
System comparison	comparison of two or more system alternatives to derive best system performance with given conditions
Constrained optimization	determination of optimum parameters to derive system performance objective
System time response functions	to visualize complex data sets and to animate visual representations of systems to understand its dynamic behavior more adequately
Visualization	fully are able to provide an overview of interactive, real - time, three - dimensional computer graphics and visual simulations using high - level development tools
Computer animations	are offshoots of computational science that allow for additional variations in modeling
Human factors and human– computer interfacing	He simulation designer can then create the human – computer interface to account for the strengths and weaknesses of the human user. These areas of study are called ____
Human behavior modeling	This type of modeling focuses primarily on the computational process of human decision making
Monte Carlo simulation	which randomly samples values from each input variable distribution and uses that sample to calculate the model’ s output
continuous simulation	make use of differential equations in developing the model
continuous functions of time	The third simulation paradigm are discrete event simulation in which the system variables are __
discrete - event simulation	These discrete functions in time result in system variables that change only at distinct instants of time
discrete functions in time	discrete event simulation in which the system variables are
dynamic systems	Continuous and discrete - event simulations are ___ systems with variables changing over time
model or simulation	There are three primary descriptors applied to a ___ that serve as attributes or defining properties/characteristics of the model or simulation.
Modeling Technologies	The construction of a model for a system requires data, knowledge, and insight about the system
Development Technologies	The development of a simulation is a software design project.
Computational Technologies	The simulation is next executed to produce performance data for the system
Data-Informational Technologies	During this phase of the M & S process, analysis of the simulation output data is conducted to produce the desired performance information that was the original focus of the M & S study.
Verification	ensures that M&S development is conducted correctly
Probability and Statistics	Nearly all systems in the real - world display varying degrees of uncertainty.
Analysis and Operations Research	The conduct of a simulation study results in the generation of system performance data, most often in large quantities.
Computer Visualization	Visualization is the ability to represent data as a way to interface with the model.
Human Factors	Most simulations are developed to interface with a human user.
Project Management	The application of the M & S process to solve real-world problems is a daunting task, and, if not managed properly, it can become a problem in itself.

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