1212	Castile and Aragon defeat the Almohads at Navas de Tolosa.
1230	Ferdinando III inherits Castile (mother) and Leon (father) = Crown of Castile
13th century end kingdoms	Crown Castile, Kingdom of Navarre, Crown of Aragon, Kingdom of Portugal and the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada.
15th century	trade of products became very important (silk, spices, luxury goods).
1453	fall of Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire, which prevented communication between Europe and Asia through the Middle East.
1469	dynastical unification of Crown of Castile and Crown of Aragon because of the marriage of Isabel and Ferdinand.
1478	Tribunal Inquisition creation
1478 & 1496	Canary Islands became part of the Crown of Castile
1479	Death of Juan II, Ferdinand became King (Aragon). Isabel defeated Juana “la Beltraneja”, became queen (Castile). The union was dynastic, not territorial (2 different kingdoms). Ferdinand was king of Castile and Aragon (exercised his power on both), Isabel was queen of Castile and Aragon (did not exercised her power).
1488	Bartolomeu Díaz reached the tip of Africa, Cape of Good Hope (Portuguese)
1492 (5 things)	Castillian Grammar (Antonio de Nebrija) conquest Nasrid Kingdom of Granada (Broadbill surrounded). Isabel was willing to finance his voyage after signing what are called the Capitulations of Santa Fe (Colón would get a tenth of the riches he obtained and would receive the titles of Admiral of the Ocean Sea and Viceroy of the conquered territories) Colon discovered America, in the islands San Salvador and la Española (First voyage) Jews were urged to convert to Christianity (conversos) or leave the territory.
1493 (2 things)	Ferdinand recovered the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne (France). A large expedition created the first commercial colony (Second voyage)
1494	Pope Alexander VI, mediated an agreement between Castile and Portugal through the Treaty of Tordesillas (Brazil = Portuguese speaking).
1498 (2 things)	Vasco de Gama reaches India. Colón reached the northern coast of South America, discovering the mouth of the Orinoco and the islands of Martinique and Trinidad (third voyage)
16th century (America)	formation of the American empire
1502 (2 things)	Muslims were forced to convert (Moriscos) or leave the kingdom. They explored the coasts of Central America (Fourth voyage).
1504:	Ferdinand defeated the French in Naples.
1505	Laws of Toro
1506	Colon died in Valladolid convinced that he had reached India and not that he had discovered a new continent.
1513	Núñez de Balboa sight the pacific
1515	Kingdom of Navarre annexes crown of Castile.
1518-1524	conquest of the Aztec Empire (Hernán Cortés)
1519	Castilian crown organized an expedition (objective: reach the spice islands sailing westward)
August 1519	the expedition departs (port of Seville)
October 1520	they cross Tierra del Fuego & baptize the passage form the Atlantic to the pacific (strait of Magellan)
April 1521	Magellan dies (Philippines) Sebastián Elcano takes the command & battle the Otumba
September 1522	the expedition returns to the peninsula. Disembark in Sanlúcar de Barrameda (Cadiz)
1532	Battle of Cajamarca
1542 (2 things)	laws of indies Congregation of Holy Ofices (Roman Inquisition)
1571	the city of Manila was founded
1470s	Printing Press Spain
1517	Luther’s 95 theses
1534	Act of Supremacy (Anglican Church)
1540	Jesuits
1545-1563	Council of Trent
1648	Peace of Westfalia
1389-1537	Medici

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