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What is Intertextuality?
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Intertextuality has to do with the relationship between texts since all texts can be decontextualized and recontextualized. All texts are intertextual. Prior instances of discourse (language use) can be embedded into a new instance of discourse.
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What is sequential (or Manifest) intertextuality? On which axis can we place it?
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On the horizontal axis, sequential intertextuality refers to the syntagmatic relationships between consecutive texts, for example, an twitter thread. It is also the case when you incorporate other text into another text, for example, through discourse representation=text producers incorporate voices and discourses in the texts they produce.
Another example: a speech delivered by a candidate at a campaign rally responds to criticisms waged by the opposing candidate -- the prior words may be: quoted directly, paraphrased, or implicitly alluded to in the candidate´s response. |
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What is interdiscursivity? On which axis can we place it?
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On the vertical axis, interdiscursivity refers to the paradigmatic relationship between discourses; it is the incorporation of discourses (ways of thinking, ideologies, worldviews) to constitute a new text. For example, an advertisement can incorporate the discourse of body positivity and the discourse of feminism.
Also, other discourse conventions (registers, voices, styles, or plots associated with traditional characters and genres) can be (re)configured to constitute new texts. |
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Define decontextualization, recontextualization, and entextualization
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-Decontextualization: a text can be lifted from its originating context.
-Recontextualization: a text can be inserted into a new seting. Entextualization: fragments of discourse from one setting take on life of their own when turned into texts and enter into social circulation. |
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What is represented discourse? How can speakers evaluate other´s voice in represented discourse? Which voice predominates: the quoter´s or the quotee´s voice?
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Discourse representation involves incorporating somebody else´s voice in another text, and since there cannot be accuracy, we cannot call it reported speech. Speakers can evaluate other´s voice, for example, through performance features:
prosody (using a loud voice, pitch, duration) voice quality (whispering) Therefore, you can evaluate sb as hysterical by using a high pitch, increased volume, vowel lengthening. The quoter´s voice predominates since represented discourse is never a faithful rendition of the quotee´s voice, for example, the text producer can include quoatative formulae, inducing a certain type of interpretation: she affirmed .. she yelled .. Or you can incorporate a nominal attribution: the expert in.. suggesting affiliation with the quote |
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What is the framing of represented discourse?
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The framing of reported speech has to do with predisposing a certain type of interpretation of the quotee´s voice, for example:
-Verbs of saying frame the reporter´s stance: she yelled, affirmed, divulged - Nominal attributions: the expert said.. - Adnominals linked to these expressions: the well-respected teacher affirmed .. "Given the appropiate methods of framing, one may bring about fundamental changes even in another´s utterance accurately quoted" Of course the framing of RD can go from a more neutral position "said", to more pointed framings of the quoted speech "divulged" |
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What does it mean that represented discourse has identity-shaping function?
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Represented discourse has the potential to shape the identity of the quotee/can play a role in constructing the quotee´s identity since even the most faithful wording of sb else´s prior speech introduces an intertextual gap and opens up the prior text to new meanings. For example, you can make somebody sound "arrogant" by the way you qoute him/her (the words you choose, the framing you choose) (example of Martin Luther King Memorial). Also, by using framing such as adnominals + verbs of saying: "the well respected expert in Sociology affirmed" you can construct the situationally relevant identity of the speaker
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What relationships can be created between the quoter’s voice and quotee’s voice = between text producers?
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The relationship can be alignment or dissalignment. The quoter can allign or agree with the quotee, or she/he can dissalign with the quotee´s voice. For example, by using an adnominal linked to a nominal attribution that accompany a verb of saying, such as "the well-respected expert in Sociology affirmed that..", the text producer is predisposing alignment with the quotee´s voice.
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What does intertextual gap consist in?
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Intertextual gap (=brecha intertextual) refers to the relationship between texts within the same genre. That relationship can be diachronic or synchronic.
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What does code-displacement mean?
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the language attributed to a prior speaker in the reported context (e.g. Galician) may differ from the language that was actually used in that context (e.g. Spanish)
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Which are the different ways of incorporating voices?
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Voice refers to the manifestations of sb/a group/perspectives. Ways of incorporating voices:
- Represented discourse - Negation: the incorporation of a text that is not endorsed by the text producer, therefore, it is incorporated to be challenged. It incorporates the opponent´s view and predicates the opposite. - Parody: a mockery of a certain subject/exaggeration/not true to life representation of sb - Irony: it consists in meaning being opposite on what is asserted. It is a way of incorporating sb´s voice but changing the semantic content of what she/he previously said. In order to interpret it you need preceding texts - Allussion: when we hint at something and expect the other person to understand what we are referencing: "la escuela de Sarmiento" |
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What does inverted commas indicate?
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Intertextuality. Words that have been decontextualized and recontextualized. Inverted commas can also signal disaffiliation = expressing distance = "I am not saying that"
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How can the problem of authorship/the crisis of identity be solved?
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By discussing about the different ways of participating in a text and no longer speaking about "author". Text producers act in different capacities/enact different roles:
- Animator: gives material existence to the message - Originator of the message: the originator of ideas - Composer of the text - Principal: the legally responsible for the text |
