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What are discourse markers? Why are they useful?
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Discourse markers are deictic expressions that take on unique, situaed meaning. They are useful since they orient interlocutors to a common focus of attention, they contribute to the interlocutors´ interpretation of the utterance, and orient interlocutor´s attention to segments of the text and signals the existing relationships between them
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Discourse markers and pragmatics
- What is the best approach to account for discourse markers: a grammatical one or an interactional one? |
DMs take on unique situated meanings in the ongoing / online / emerging production of discourse
Their interpretation depends on certain details of the situational context in which an utterance is produced. The best approach is an interactional one as it is in interactions and situational contexts that DMs take on meaning and therefore interpretation is possible. |
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DMs and cohesion
- Are DMs cohesive? Why/why not? |
Yes, DMs are cohesive. Discourse markers signal relations between discourse units on the three planes of discourse organization:
-Ideational plane: it has to do with the relations btw propositions signalled by DMs. -Sequential structure plane: has to do with the mechanics of the interaction, organization, how interlocutors manage turns at talk -Speech act plane: actions performed by uttering sth, like greeting, acceptance, etc |
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DMs and syntax
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DMs do not have a syntactic function in the structure of the clause; they do not make part of the sentence
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DMs and semantics
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Discourse markers are almost completely deprived of semantic load; their semantic meaning has been “bleached"; example:
well: adverb: semantic meaning:in the right way well: marker has almost completely lost that semantic load and has acquired a pragmatic function |
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DMs and deixis
- Discourse markers are “pointers” since they focus our interlocutors’ attention on the basis of a common orientation? What is this property? |
Discourse markers are discourse deictics: They take on unique, situated meanings in each context in which they are produced. / in the online / ongoing production of
discourse. ✔ They orient interactants/interlocutors to a common focus of attention. /they focus our attention on the basis of a common orientation. CATAPHORIC OR ANAPHORIC ORIENTATION ✔ They contribute to creating the context. |
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DMs and social meaning
- What is the contribution of discourse markers to social relations? |
DMs can evoke closeness or distance btw interactants
1. closeness/solidarity/intimacy (horizintal axis) 2. hierarchy (vertical axis) "DMs can evoke social distance or signal closeness" Social meaning has to to with concurring w/ a position, getting closer to the interlocutor or disaligning w/ the interlocutor’s position expressed VERSUS social rel. → rel. btw the ps → symm/asy. → NOT sth interactional → a structural property of social structure (outside interaction) a single turn won’t establish an entire social rel. → often the social rel. is already given by the context but it isn’t marked by a turn or a DM |
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DMs and modal meaning
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Some DMs express modal meaning, which has to do with the degree of commitment to the propositional content of the utterance.
High degree: look, y´know, now |
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DMs and frames and footings
- How can interactants signal a shift in frame? - What is the contribution of discourse markers to the speech activity? - What do code choice/shifting and discourse markers have in common in relation to the speech activity? |
DMs can have frame-signalling capabilities, from official frame to unofficial frame and the other way around.
Interactants cam signal a shift in frame through: non linguistic resources (raising your voice, clapping hands, eye contact) or through linguistic resources (code choice/shifting, discourse markers). Interactants can signal a shift in type of footing with discourse markers, for example, "I mean" signal a shift in type of footing, from enunciator to editor. |
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DMs and online (ongoing) production of discourse
- What is the importance of discourse markers in the online production of discourse? |
The use of discourse markers guides interlocutors, guides interpretations, signals how discourse is organized
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DMs and the courtoom discourse
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Discourse markers are typical of non-institutional discourse of a conversational kind and produced by participants with a close relationship and are forms that have, by definition, a function in the negotiated, emergent (online) production and interpretation of discourse. Courtroom discourse is a type of oral institutional discourse characterized by a high degree of formality.
Discourse markers are not absent in the courtroom. - Heterogeneity (diff. registers, the co-presence of the discourse of the law + discourse of the lifeworld) - Heteroglossia (voice of the legal system + voice of the lifeworld, among which we find discourse markers) |
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Which are the 5 key points in the analysis of DMs?
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1. Position
2. Orientation 3. Plane 4. Social meaning 5. Modal meaning |
