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47 Cartas en este set

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difference between a map and a figure?
coordinates indicating geographical location on the surface of he Earth
x and y
geospatial info stored in databases is __ % of all information
>80
limitation of paper based maps (3)
Info coded as symbols and colors (qualitative information),

large areas = several map sheets,

combination and sharing of info is difficult
qualitative, scale, static
Adventages of computer cartography (8)
Quicklier(!)
no skilled staff needed (!)
cheaper
allows experimentation in representation with the same data
facilitate updating
facilitate analysis of quantitative data
generalization on quality of data
easier to make (3D maps)
statistical analysis and mapping
cost, experience, updating, quality defined, better analysis (3D) and experimentation
Reference maps
several types of info
summarizes
often covers large areas
deals with geography of a region (understanding)
maps in atlases
Thematic maps
detailed information about a topic of particular interest

tailored to particular user needs
road map, risk map
GIS IS...
integration of

digital geographical information
computer technology
GIS science (knowledge about integration)
3 things
GIS history
pioneering (1957)
commercialization (1980)
user proliferation (2000)
open source (2010)
at first restricted (military, government & private companies)
recently open to general public
application, technology and commercial details. academic and general as well
GIS toolbox definition
A geographic information system is a computer-based information system that enlables:

collecting,
storing,
retrieving,
modelling (analysis),
and representation

of geographically referenced information"
C - S - R - M (A) - R
components of GIS (6)
network
hardware
software
data
procedures
people
N -> (H, S, D, Procedures and People)
GIS chain
expertise
structured data
organization
hardware/software
updating: data, software, knowledge
Application of GIS
government and public services (tracking crime, land use planning, environmental monitoring, geodemographics)

business & service planning (where costumers are, geodem)

logistics and transportation (gps)

environment
GIS is the combination of
computer cartography (CC)
database management (DBM)
remote sensing (RS)
computer-aided design (CAD)
display and printing
storing and retrieving data
information extraction (raster)
input, assumed for design (vector)
Land Information System (LIS)
GIS with focus on the analysis of _natural land resources_ (soil, water, geology, landscapes, topography, land use, vegetation, climate...) with applications in agriculture, land planning, management of natural ecosystems, environmental management, etc.
natural land resources (8 examples)
applications in (4 examples)
REAL WORLD TO GIS
RW - conceptual model - logical model - physical model - limitations
binary information; tons of information (symbols, proximity, extent)
data modelling
interpreting reality by using a conceptual and logical model
RW complex (need to simplify)
conceptual model
human-oriented model of selected entities (basic carriers of information) and processes that are thought relevant to a particular problem
real world model (relevant entities and processes)
logical model
oriented representation of reality

entities comprise different objects (physical -roads-, classified -soil types-, events (waterleaks), artificial - elevation contours)
(data model)
objects description
-identity (identifier -numbers-)
-geometric and attribute data (point/line/area and nominal, interval ratio)
-spatial relationships (intersects etc and proximity)
-quality (roads)
physical model
describes the exact files or database table used to store data, the relation between objects and the precise operations that can be performed
building a conceptual model of reality
asking what your final product needs to be

break down or decomposed to final product into the general types of maps that you need to use

determine which aspects of each map do you need to examine (defines the map elements (features and their data) that ultimately plan to combine to create your file map
model creation process
summary
-real world (general view -landscape-)
-conceptual model (unique entities -houses-)
-data model (entities with attributes -table with basic characteristics)
-data base (digital data coding (geography and attributes) -real table-)
-map
RW-CM-DM-DB-MAP
uncertainty
generalizations make possible to obtain an overview of our complex reality
generalizations need choices
DIGITAL SPATIAL INFORMATION
the geographical database
basic map concepts
data structures
digitizing a map (2)
digitizing
scanning
raster or vector based
geographical database
the real world consists of many features, which can be represented as a number of relates single theme data layers with each layer linked to a common georeferencing system
layers represent real world
graphical representation of spatial objects
node (arc), vertex (polygon)
vector
arc
polygon

raster (cells)
pixels
vector based mapping
raster based mapping
Traditional paper maps
set of points lines areas defined by

-location
-legend (attribute information using colours and symbols)
-topology (spatial interrelationships)
3 characteristics
definition of vector
a straight line segment whose length is MAGNITUDE and whose orientation in space is DIRECTION
magnitude and direction
point, arc, polygon are vectors...
with zero length,
combinated and connected
c,c and closed
N for node
a for arc
P for polygon
spaghetti data models vs arc node days models
topology
endpoint nodes, shared nodes,
usefulness of topology
automatic calculations
verification of data consistency
analysis
object oriented data model
combine the characteristics of objects and slept relationships with other objects (states + behavior)
more modern than the other two (examples: intersection roads with highways or polygons must not overlap)
definition of raster
"a matrix", a regular grid of squared cells of equal dimensions
-location of each cell determined by idt row & column number
-value assigned to the cells represents code of the attribute
-identifier
-qualitative or
-quantitative attribute value
resolution
linked to accuracy and data storing capacity
the finer the resolution, the more detail
an increase of 2x in resolution is a 4x increase in number of pixels
vector vs raster
vector (compact, efficient data structure, only boundaries are stored, updating and querying is very efficient and quick)
- aesthetically nicer
vector adventages
Raster vs Vector
-overlay more efficient
-more analitical power when mathematical operations
-required when remote sensing information
-spatially continuously varying phenomena (topography, climate, soil, water,air)
Summary of adventages and disadvantages (Raster)
(A) - Simple data structure,
overlay operations easy and efficient,
representation of spatial variability,
required when working with images (for efficient enhancement and manipulation)

(D) - less compact,
topological relationships difficult to represent,
output less aesthetically pleasing (due to boundaries with blocky appearance or unacceptable large files)
squared, overlay, variations, pictures
less compact, topology relations difficult, less aesthetical
Summary of adv and disadv (Vector)
(A) - compact structure,
efficient encoding of topology -> easier network analysis,
better in representation (output)

(D) -complex data structure,
more difficult to overlay,
high spatial variability representation is inefficient,
manipulation and enhancement of digital images not effectively done
compact data structure, clear topology, nice representation

complex data structure, difficult overlays, HSV inefficient, images
application fields of vector and raster
network topology (industry)
large databases (governmental bodies)
mapping (commercial applications)

analitical power and east concept (research and teaching institutions)
most modern GIS are hybrid systems
MAP SCALE AND PROJECTIONS
scale
datum
ellipsoid
projections (distortions)

Projection formulas
mathematical expressions that convert data from a geographical location on a spheroid to a representative location on flat surface
4 types of distortion
shape
areas
distances
directions
Map scale (large or small)
more detailed -> large scale
less detailed -> small scale

1/10000 > 1/1000000
Detail
map projections (Earth to map)
mathematical conversion between the Earth ellipsoid and a flat paper

-angles measured from the Earth's center point (graticule network), rather than distances on the surface

-distance represented by 1° longitude will reduce towards the poles

°
types of projections
shape (plane, cylinder, cone)
points or lines of contact (cut or touch, no distortion there)
orientation (transversal, equatorial)

depending on the chosen projection, we can preserve (shape, area, distance along lines, distorts all, but balances)
3
all can roach
coordinate Systems (3)
geographic coordinates (°, origin, length of 1° longitude varies with the latitude, not planar, accuracy of 0.001°)
UTM (m, 60 different projections of 6° width -1st is from 180 to 174°W, subdivision 60S or 60N,
local planar systems
universal transverse Mercator