plosives	occur when the airstream stops completely for an instant before it exits the oral cavity. it has three steps: closing stage, compression stage and the release stage
plosives aspiration	Strong /p, t, k/ + vowel sound or approximant, in an accented syllable, not preceded by /s/
fricatives	two articulators are held close together so that the escaping air produces turbulence, this turbulence may or may not be accompanied by vibration of the vocal cords
affricates	a closure is made between the tip, blade and rims of the tongue and the alveolar ridge and side teeth. during the articulation of both sounds the vocal cords are apart they don't vibrate for /tʃ/ but do vibrate for /dʒ/
nasals	resembles plosives in that a total closure is made. they are voiced Lenis. there is no audible friction produced. the vocal cords always vibrate during their articulation
approximants	the air escapes through a narrow aperture in the mouth without friction but with voice. they all are voiced lenis
voiced lenis	plosive: b,d,g affricate: dʒ fricative: v,ð,z,ʒ nasal: m,n,ŋ approximant: l,r,j,w
voiceless fortis	plosives: p,t,k affricate: /tʃ/ fricative: f,ʃ,s,θ glottal:h
dark l	the tip of the tongue is in contact with the alveolar ridge too, but the front of the tongue is a bit lowered and the back is raised in the direction of the soft palate
l	The front of the tongue is raised in the direction of the hard palate and the tip of the tongue is in contact with the alveolar ridge.

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