Front (Term)	Back (Definition)
Purpose of history and exam	Minimum Data Base Obtain diagnosis Formulate diagnostic plan Formulate nursing plan Monitor response to therapy Triage
Signalment	Species Breed Age Sex Reproductive status
History of present illnes	Duration Severity Progression Frequency Trigger Situations Time of day Character of problem
Systems Review	General Integument Respiratory Cardiovascular GI Genitourinary Musculoskeletal Neurological Special senses
RPT	Resp rate Dog 8-20 Cat 8-30 Pulse Dog >25kg 70-100 Dog <25kg 90-160 cat 150-210 Temp Dog cat- 100-102 F.
Mucous membrane colors	pink= normal pale= anemia, hypo-tension, hypothermia, pain bright red= toxic phase of infection muddy= septic yellow= icteric-liver blue=cyanotic-lack of o2 petichia= coag disorder brown=tylenol poisoning
Heart murmurs	Grade 1 can barely hear 2 audible but soft 3 low to mod 4 loud w/o thrill 5 loud w/ thrill 6 heard off chest
Dehydration	<5 %= undetectable 5-6= skin slightly doughy, inelastic, tacky mm 6-8= skin definitely inelastic, eyes slightly sunken 10-12= inc skin turgor, sunken eyes, dry mm, inc CRT 12-15=shock, imminent death
Medical Record should contain	Client name, address, phone # Patient signalment Prior med records Vaccination history Primary complaint Physical exam Diagnosis or T/Dx list Treatment inc RX Labwork Reports Prognosis Surgical, dental record Client aftercare, education Discharge instructions Fee estimates Consent forms
Medical Record Formats	Conventional- Chronological, source oriented. Problem Oriented Veterinary Medical Record-POVMR- -Defined Database -Problem list -Plans section Progress section in SOAP -------Subjective -------Objective -------Assessment -------Plan
what are units of measurement for metric system	meter= length liter= volume gram= mass
mcg/ug	1/1,000,000 of a gram
how many grams is a kilogram	1000g
how many mcg is a mg?	one mg= 1000 mcg
How many mg is one grain?	one grain = 60mg.
how many oz. in a lb	16
how many ml in a tsp	5
how many drops in 5 ml	60
how many ml. in one oz	30
how many ounces/ ml in 1 cup	8 oz/ 240ml
how many cups/ ml in one pint	2 cups/ 480ml.
how many pints / ml in 1 quart	2 pints/ 960ml (app 1 liter)
how many quarts in a gallon	4 guarts/ 3.84 L.
one oz = how many Tbs	2
To convert F. to C. To convert C. to F.	F= (1.8X C) + 32. C= F-32/ 1.8
What are the seven parts of a drug order?	Name of patient Name of drug Doseage of drug Route Time/frequency Date and time of order Signature of person writing order
What are the six patient rights?	Right Patient Drug-check label 3 times Dose Route Time Frequency
What is a solute	Substance being dissolved or diluted
What is concentration?	Amount of solute dissolved in solvent or Mass/Volume
What is the drug concentration of a 1:1000 solution?	1 mg/ ml
What is the drug concentration of a 1:10,000 solution?	0.1 mg/ml
Formula for determining volume added, etc?	Va X Ca= Vf X Cf
How much of body's weight is water?	60 %
How is water distributed?	Intracellular= 60% Extracellular- Interstitial=30% Intravascular= 10%
What route does IV fluid take?	Intravascular- interstitial- intracellular
Where do fluid losses come from first?	Interstitial- then intravascular then intracellular.
What is an electrolyte?	Solute that breaks down into + or - particles, ie ions. + = cation - = anion
most abundant cation in ECF anion?	sodium chloride, bicarbonate
most abundant cation in ICF? anion?	potassium (K), magnesium Phosphates, proteins
What are two methods of measuring electrolytes?	As a percentage As Meq- tendency of particle to combine with another particle.
What is osmolality / osmalarity?	the number of solute particles per Kg/Liter of solution
what is the 0smolality of isotonic fluid?	300 mOsm/L
what is the effect on cellular volume of hypotonic fluid?	cell swells- fluid enters cell
What is the effect of hypertonic fluid?	Fluid goes from interstitial to vascular
What is the systemic effect of hypotonic fluid?	Fluid leaves blood vessel- goes to interstitial area
what fluid should be used to correct dehydration?	isotonic or hypotonic
what fluid should be used to correct decreased intravascular volume?	hypertonic
what are most effective osmoles for fluid therapy?	Sodium. Glucose
What is Starlings Law?	Equilibrium exista at the capillary membrane when fluid leaving equals fluid entering the circulation.
factors maintaining equilibrium at capillary membrane.	hydrostatic and colloid osmotic, membrane pore size
what is a colloid?	a nondiffusable substance- a solute suspended in solution. Ex= plasma proteins
What is hydrostatic?	The pressure exerted by a stationary fluid. The same forces that maintain blood pressure- cardiac output, fluid volume, vascular resistance.
What is hypopyon?	pus in the anterior chamber of the eye
What is ptosis?	Drooping of upper eyelid
What is miosis?	Contraction of pupil
What is mydriasis?	Dilation of pupil.
What is anisocoria?	Uneven size of pupils.
What is Horner's syndrome?	protrusion of 3rd eyelid.
How do you figure out the rate of fluid administration?	Hydration deficit= Wt in Kg. X %dehydration X 1000. Maintenance= 60ml/Kg/day Contemporary losses=Est X 2
What is the shock fluid rate?	Dog= 80-90 ml/Kg/hr Cat= 40-60 ml/Kg/hr Use isotonic
What is the maximum infusion rate for potassium chloride?	Max= 0.5 mEq/Kg/hr
How much should maintenance fluid rates be increased in response to fever?	Increase fluid rates 10% for each 1.8 F. rise in body temp.
What are crystalloid solutions?	They contain electrolyte and non-electrolyte substances that can pass thru cell membranes.
What is 0.45 Saline and 2.5%Dex?	Hypotonic. Crystalloid.
Should .45 Sal/2.5 Dex be used for shock?	No- water redistributes too rapidly.
What is a good choice for maintenance?	Hypotonic (half saline, 2.5Dex) with KCl
Why do you not use isotonic fluids for maintenance?	Isotonic(saline, LRS)have high sodium, osmalality and inadequate potassium. They don't stay in the intravascular space very long.

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